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sábado, 8 de dezembro de 2007

Boxer


Boxer (dog)
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Boxer

Brindle Boxers with natural and cropped ears
Alternative names
German BoxerDeutscher Boxer
Country of origin
Germany
Classification and breed standards
FCI:
Group 2 Section 2 #144
Stds
AKC:
Working
Stds
ANKC:
Group 6 (Utility)
Stds
CKC:
Group 3 - Working Dogs
Stds
KC (UK):
Working
Stds
NZKC:
Utility
Stds
UKC:
Guardian Dogs
Stds
Developed in Germany, the Boxer is a breed of stocky, medium-sized, short-haired dog. The coat is smooth and fawn or brindled, with or without white markings. Boxers are brachycephalic, and have a square muzzle, mandibular prognathism (an underbite), very strong jaws and a powerful bite ideal for hanging on to large prey. The Boxer was bred from the Bulldog and the now extinct Bullenbeisser and is part of the Molosser group.
The Boxer was first exhibited in a dog show for St. Bernards at Munich in 1895, the first Boxer club being founded the next year. Based on 2006 American Kennel Club statistics, Boxers are the seventh most popular breed of dog in the United States—a position they have held since 2002—with approximately 35,388 new dog registrations during the year.[1].
Contents[hide]
1 Appearance
1.1 Coat and colors
1.2 Size
2 Temperament
3 History
3.1 Early genealogy
3.2 Breed name
4 Health
5 Uses
6 Famous Boxers
7 Celebrities who own Boxers
8 Media
9 References
10 External links
10.1 Clubs, Associations, and Societies
//

[edit] Appearance

Head and body proportions.
The head is the most distinctive feature of the Boxer. The breed standard dictates that it must be in perfect proportion to the body and above all it must never be too light.[2] The greatest value is to be placed on the muzzle being of correct form and in absolute proportion to the skull. The length of the muzzle to the whole of the head should be as 1:3. Folds are always indicated from the root of the nose running downwards on both sides of the muzzle, and the tip of the nose should lie somewhat higher than the root of the muzzle. In addition a Boxer should be slightly prognathous, i.e., the lower jaw should protrude beyond the upper jaw and bend slightly upwards in what is commonly called an underbite or "undershot bite".[3]
Boxers were originally a docked and cropped breed, and this tradition is still maintained in some countries. However, due to pressure from veterinary associations, animal rights groups and the general public, both cropping of the ears and docking of the tail have been prohibited in many countries around the world. In the United States and Canada as of 2007, cropped ears are still more common in show dogs. In March of 2005 the AKC breed standard was changed to include a description of the uncropped ear, but to severely penalize an undocked tail.

Boxers are either fawn (middle frame) or brindle (bottom frame), with or without white marks, which, when excessive are conventionally called "white" Boxers (top frame).

[edit] Coat and colors
The Boxer is a short-haired breed, with a shiny, smooth coat that lies tight to the body. The recognized colors are fawn and brindle, often with a white underbelly and white on the front or all four feet. These white markings, called flash, often extend onto the neck or face, and dogs that have these markings are known as "flashy". "Fawn" denotes a range of color, the tones of which may be described variously as light tan or yellow, reddish tan, mahogany or stag/deer red, and dark honey-blonde. In the UK, fawn Boxers are typically rich in color and are called "red". "Brindle" refers to a dog with black stripes on a fawn background. Some brindle Boxers are so heavily striped that they give the appearance of "reverse brindling", fawn stripes on a black body; these dogs are conventionally called "reverse brindles", but that is actually a misnomer - they are still fawn dogs with black stripes. In addition, the breed standards state that the fawn background must clearly contrast with or show through the brindling, so a dog that is too heavily brindled may be disqualified by the breed standard. The Boxer does not carry the gene for a solid black coat color and therefore purebred black Boxers do not exist.
Boxers with white markings covering more than one-third of their coat - conventionally called "white" Boxers - are neither albino nor rare; approximately 20-25% of all Boxers born are white.[4] Genetically, these dogs are either fawn or brindle, with excessive white markings overlying the base coat color. Like fair-skinned humans, white Boxers have a higher risk of sunburn and associated skin cancers than colored Boxers. The extreme piebald gene, which is responsible for white markings in Boxers, is linked to congenital sensorineural deafness in dogs. It is estimated that about 18% of white Boxers are deaf in one or both ears,[5] though Boxer Rescue organizations see about double that number. [6], [7] In the past, breeders often euthanized white puppies at birth; today, most breeders place white puppies in pet homes with spay/neuter agreements. White Boxers are disqualified from conformation showing by the breed standard, and are prohibited from breeding by every national Boxer club in the world. They can compete in non-conformation events such as obedience and agility, and like their colored counterparts do quite well as service and therapy dogs.

[edit] Size
An adult Boxer typically weighs between 55 and 70 lbs (25 and 32 kg). Adult male Boxers are between 23 and 25 inches (57 and 63 cm) tall at the withers; adult females are between 21 to 23½ inches (53 and 60 cm).

[edit] Temperament

The character of the Boxer is of the greatest importance and demands the most solicitous attention. He is renowned from olden times for his great love and faithfulness to his master and household. He is harmless in the family, but distrustful of strangers, bright and friendly of temperament at play, but brave and determined when aroused. His intelligence and willing tractability, his modesty and cleanliness make him a highly desirable family dog and cheerful companion. He is the soul of honesty and loyalty, and is never false or treacherous even in his old age. ~1938 AKC Boxer breed standard[8]

Boxers are a bright, energetic and playful breed and tend to be very good with children. Boxers have earned a slight reputation of being "headstrong", which can be related to inappropriate obedience training. Boxers are very smart, but also very stubborn. They will listen to the voice that they find familiar. Owing to their intelligence and working breed characteristics, training based on the use of corrections often has limited usefulness. Boxers often respond much better to positive reinforcement techniques such as clicker training. The Boxer by nature is not an aggressive or vicious breed, but needs socialistion to tolerate other dogs well.[9] Their sometimes over-protective, territorial and dominating attitude is often most intense in males. Boxers are generally patient with smaller dogs but can be dominant with larger dogs of the same sex.
Boxers appear more comfortable with companionship, in either human or canine form. They are very active dogs which require a great deal of exercise.

[edit] History
The Boxer is part of the Molosser group, developed in Germany in the late 1800s from the now extinct Bullenbeisser, a dog of Mastiff descent, and Bulldogs brought in from England. The Bullenbeisser had been working as a hunting dog for centuries, employed in the pursuit of bear, wild boar, and deer. Its task was to seize the prey and hold it until the hunters arrived. In later years, faster dogs were favored and a smaller Bullenbeisser was bred in Brabant, in northern Belgium. It is generally accepted that the Brabanter Bullenbeisser was a direct ancestor of today's Boxer.[10]

Boxers on the first Boxer exhibition, Munich 1895
In 1894, three Germans by the name of Roberth, Konig, and Hopner decided to stabilize the breed and put it on exhibition at a dog show. This was done in Munich in 1895, and the next year they founded the first Boxer Club, the Deutscher Boxer Club. In 1898 was born the historically important Meta von der Passage, a brindle and white parti-colored bitch, from which almost all Boxers today can trace their origins. The Club went on to publish the first Boxer breed standard in 1902, a detailed document that has not been changed much to this day.[11]
The breed was introduced to other parts of Europe in the late 19th century and to the United States around the turn of the century. The American Kennel Club (AKC) registered the first Boxer in 1904, and recognized the first Boxer champion, Dampf vom Dom, in 1915. The Boxer Cross Great Dane and Akc Modern-day English Bulldogs.
During World War I, the Boxer was co-opted for military work, acting as a valuable messenger dog, pack-carrier, attack dog, and guard dog. It was not until after World War II that the Boxer became popular around the world. Boxer mascots, taken home by returning soldiers, introduced the dog to a much wider audience and it soon became a favorite as a companion, a show dog, and a guard dog.

[edit] Early genealogy

Boxer early genealogy chart
The German citizen George Alt, a Munich resident, mated a brindle-colored bitch imported from France named Flora with a local dog of unknown ancestry, known simply as "Boxer", resulting in a fawn-and-white male, named "Lechner's Box" after its owner. This dog was mated with his own dam Flora, and one of its offspring was a bitch called Alt's Schecken. George Alt mated Schecken with a Bulldog named Dr. Toneissen's Tom to produce the historically significant dog ''Mühlbauer's Flocki. Flocki was the first Boxer to enter the German Stud Book after winning the aforementioned show for St. Bernards in Munich 1895, which was the first event to have a class specific for Boxers.[11] [12]
The white bitch Ch. Blanka von Angertor, Flocki's sister, was even more influential when mated with Piccolo von Angertor (Lechner's Box grandson) to produce the predominantly white (parti-colored) bitch Meta von der Passage, which, even bearing little resemblance with the modern Boxer standard (early photographs depicts her as too long, weak-backed and down-faced), is considered the mother of the breed.[13][14] John Wagner, on his The Boxer (first published in 1939) said the following regarding this bitch:
"Meta von der Passage played the most important role of the five original ancestors. Our great line of sires all trace directly back to this female. She was a substantially built, low to the ground, brindle and white parti-colour, lacking in underjaw and exceedingly lippy. As a producing bitch few in any breed can match her record. She consistently whelped puppies of marvelous type and rare quality. Those of her offspring sired by Flock St. Salvator and Wotan dominate all present-day pedigrees. Combined with Wotan and Mirzl children, they made the Boxer."[15]

[edit] Breed name
The name "Boxer" is supposedly derived from the breed's tendency to begin a fight by standing on its hind legs and "boxing" with its front paws. According to Andrew H. Brace on his "Pet owner's guide to the Boxer" this theory is the least plausible explanation.[13] He claims "it's unlikely that a nation so permeated with nationalism would give to one of its most famous breeds a name so obviously anglicised".
German linguistic sciences and historical evidence date from the 18th century the earliest written source for the word Boxer, found in a text in the "Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch" (The German Dictionary of Foreign Languages),[16] which cites an author named Musäus of 1782 writing "daß er aus Furcht vor dem großen Baxer Salmonet ... sich auf einige Tage in ein geräumiges Packfaß ... absentiret hatte". At that time the spelling "baxer" equalled "boxer". Both the verb ("boxen") and the noun ("Boxer") were common German language as early as the late 18th century. The term "Boxl", also written "Buxn" or "Buchsen", in the Bavarian dialect means "short (leather) trousers" or "underwear". The very similarly sounding term "Boxerl" is also Bavarian dialect and an endearing term for "Boxer".[17] More in line with historical facts, Brace states that there exist many other theories to explain the origin of the breed name, from which he favors the one claiming the smaller Bullenbeisser (Brabanter) were also known as "Boxl" and that Boxer is just a corruption of that word.[17]
In the same vein runs a theory based on the fact that there were a group of dogs known as "Bierboxer" in Munich by the time of the breed's development. These dogs were the result from mixes of Bullenbeisser and other similar breeds. Bier (beer) probably refers to the Biergarten, the typical Munich beergarden, an open-air restaurant where people used to take their dogs along. The nickname "Deutscher Boxer" was derived from bierboxer and Boxer could also be a corruption of the former or a contraction of the latter.[18]
"Boxer" is also the name of a dog owned by John Peerybingle, the main character on the best selling 1845 book The Cricket on the Hearth by Charles Dickens, which is evidence that "Boxer" was commonly used as a dog name by the early 19th century, before the establishment of the breed by the end of that same century.
The name of the breed could also be simply due to the names of the very first known specimens of the breed (Lechner's Box, for instance).

[edit] Health
See also: Dog health
Boxers are prone to develop cancers, heart conditions such as Aortic Stenosis and Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (the so-called "Boxer Cardiomyopathy"), hypothyroidism, hip dysplasia, and degenerative myelopathy; other conditions that may be seen are gastric dilatation and torsion (bloat), intestinal problems, and allergies (although these may be more related to diet than breed).[19][20] Entropion is occasionally seen, a malformation of the eyelid requiring surgical correction, and some lines have a tendency to develop spondylosis deformans, a fusing of the spine. [21] Responsible breeders use available tests to screen their breeding stock before breeding, and in some cases throughout the life of the dog, in an attempt to minimize the occurrence of these diseases in future generations.[22]
Boxers are an athletic breed, and proper exercise and conditioning is important for their continued health and longevity. Care must be taken not to over-exercise young dogs, as this may damage growing bones; however once mature Boxers can be excellent jogging or running companions. Because of their brachycephalic head, they do not do well with high heat or humidity, and common sense should prevail when exercising a Boxer in these conditions.

Fawn Boxer in dog agility show

[edit] Uses
Boxers are friendly, lively companions that are popular as family dogs. Their suspicion of strangers, alertness, agility, and strength make them formidable guard dogs. They sometimes appear at dog agility or obedience trials and flyball events. These strong and intelligent animals have also been used as service dogs, guide dogs for the blind, therapy dogs, police dogs in K9 units, and occasionally herding cattle or sheep. The versatility of Boxers was recognized early on by the military, which has used them as valuable messenger dogs, pack carriers, and attack and guard dogs in times of war. Boxers have an average lifespan of 10-12 years.

Boxer

Não se trata de uma raça antiga, sua criação data do fim do século passado, na Alemanha.O Boxer sempre foi um cão muito considerado em todo o mundo, atualmente, devido a uma série de incidentes ocorridos com cães de outras raças, em alguns lugares chegando mesmo a serem proibidas, a atenção voltou-se para o Boxer, por ser um cão de guarda e defesa com muita agilidade, firmeza de caráter e fidelidade, sendo ao mesmo tempo um excelente cão de companhia, de boa índole e muito dócil com as crianças, ideal para casas como também para chácaras, sítios e fazendas.No Brasil, ele está mais que consagrado, figurando entre as raças com o maior número de nascimentos registrados. Alerta e protetor, é inofensivo em família, porém desconfiado com os estranhos, de temperamento sereno e afetuoso, facilmente adestrável, muito limpo, fato que vem aumentando a sua procura para apartamentos. "É importante ressaltar que ao comentarmos das qualidades excepcionais do Boxer, estamos nos referindo à cães de boa procedência e dentro do padrão da raça, o que dá a certeza que o filhote terá um desenvolvimento esperado inclusive no que diz respeito à sua índole e temperamento que devem ser equilibrados.Infelizmente, devido a sua grande popularidade, existem hoje criações paralelas sem nenhum critério de seleção, comprometendo seriamente a degeneração parcial ou até total da raça, podendo gerar incidentes ou até acidentes sérios.É recomendável cautela na compra de um exemplar de um filhote." O Boxer é um cão de estatura média e pêlo curto, robusto, de estrutura curta, quadrada e ossos fortes. As cores são dourado em vários tons e tigrado, que pode ser de dois tipos: o primeiro deles com listas escuras claramente definidas sobre o fundo dourado e o segundo tipo tem o que chamamos de tigrado reverso ou invertido, o efeito aqui é de um fundo mais escuro com listas ou riscas de dourado mais claro. As marcações brancas não devem exceder 1/3 do total da pelagem.Quanto ao corte de orelhas, é opcional e deve ser feita entre os 70 e 120 dias de idade.

Birmania off cat


Origin and History according to legend, existed in a temple a white cat, of for the length, that was the accompanying fidiciary office of a priest. When this died, assassinated for invaders, the cat jumped for top of the body of its owner and there it was, to prevent that somebody was come close. At this moment, its pelagem was being cream color. The golden eyes had become blue and the legs, nose, ears and tail, blue - cinereous. But the four feet, that were in contact with the body of the deceased, had remained white. After this, all the other cats created in the temples had been equal it. To that everything indicates, the Sacred one of the Birmânia descends of the cats that were venerated as deuses in the Buddhist temples of the Birmânia (current Myanmar), in Asia, century XV. The priests believed that the fidiciary offices returned to the Land in the form of cats. He has some descriptions of the arrival of the first units of the race to the Europe. One of them was when a good-looking Sacred pregnant woman of the Birmânia, coming in a ship for France, only survivor of all the cats that they had embarked, it came for 1920 return, and thus had been crossed the cats consanguineamente or with other races to improve it. The modern race was established by "Bad Wong", a Sacred one of the Birmânia - led for U.S.A. in 1930 - that was crossed with a Siamês. It is probable that it has had posterior importations of the Birmânia. But the fact is that in 1936 the race already if becomes enough pure to be recognized in U.S.A.. In France, the race was officially recognized in 1952. The French selecting had included in the descent the blood of the Siameses and the white Persians, this last responsible one for the soft and semilong pelagem of the Sacred one of the Birmânia. The history of the race, that divergiu during the last half of the decade of 1940, produced two distinct types of Sacred of the Birmânia: the English cat has a more eastern transport, and the American is more robust. General appearance: they are cats of long coat, showing legs always white (the "gloves"), healthful, muscular, with balanced movement. The pelagem not form we, nor clusters (with exception of the region of the abdomen). The females (ideal weight from 3 kg arriving 5kg, without making look like to be fat person) are well lesser of that the males (that they can arrive 8kg, without making look like to be fat person). The tail is carried erect. Behavior and character: They are not aggressive, they adore the company of human beings and quickly get used with the habits of all the family and also they are adaptam easily to other animals; they are animal sufficiently calm and docile. Adaptam easily in closed, ideal environments for apartments. Head: Fort, of average size and rounded off format; sight of profile, longer than wide. The strong jaws, the chin, developed good and the cheeks, salient. Nose: prolongated, with the nostrils pointing with respect to low; rosada.O can present pigmentação Roman nose is the ideal, without stop, or little marked. Ears: the length is approximately equal to the width in the insertion. The tips round are lnseridas moderately moved away and provided well with tufos of coats. Eyes: rounded off, lightly amendoados, great, always blue (of the preference well dark, most intense possible), independently of the color of the pelagem. Inserted distantes.*É relatively also accepted the blue coloration tending to the lilac, that is raríssima. Neck: of average, well muscular length. Body: With strong, rectangular ossatura. Tail: of average length, in ratio with the body, they form a pen Size: Of medium the great one. Pelagem: of average length for long, silky texture. The necklace is desirable, especially in the males. Less thick from the one than of the Persians, not form we e, therefore, excuses the frequent escovações very. To the being touched with the closed eyes it must give the sensation of pure silk. Lacks: White points in the dark tips, dark spots in the abdomen and womb, high gloves excessively. Colors: Currently we have 40 more common colors in its excessively variações.As are: The Seal (initial color of the Sacred one), the Blue, the Chocolate and the Lilac.Há some years we had the controversial greater for the acceptance of the Lynx gene and Red, that is not original of the race, or either, had been necessary crossings with other races to bring this gene to the Sagrado.Além of the basic colors, has them in the Tortie (a mesclada basic color with the cream), the Lynx (in stripes) and the Torbie (Tortie Tabby). General Cares: Escovações weekly, to prevent the formation of balls of for (folders also can be used that serve for these biweekly or monthly fim);Banhos if they make necessários;Em general is a strong cat, but as all the race cats, must take all the doses of vaccines and strengthen all year. Feeding: We recommend the use of dry Ration, high quality. Peculiarities: The Sacred ones of the Birmânia, for being cats "ColorPoint", as well as the siameses, are born white, and only in some weeks we can start to see the color of the cat, depending on the marking... Therefore, the clubs recommend that the cat has between 1 and ½ and 3 to effect the register, but exactly thus the color continues to become gloomy up to one 2 years of age.

Sagrado da birmânia


Origem e HistóriaSegundo a lenda, existia num templo um gato branco, de pelo comprido, que era o fiel companheiro de um sacerdote. Quando este morreu, assassinado por invasores, o gato pulou para cima do corpo de seu dono e aí ficou, para evitar que alguém se aproximasse. Nesse momento, sua pelagem foi ficando cor de creme. Os olhos dourados tornaram-se azuis e as patas, nariz, orelhas e cauda, azuis - cinzentos. Apenas os quatro pés, que estavam em contato com o corpo do defunto, permaneceram brancos. Depois disso, todos os outros gatos criados nos templos ficaram iguais a ele.Ao que tudo indica, o Sagrado da Birmânia descende dos gatos que eram venerados como deuses nos templos budistas da Birmânia (atual Myanmar), na Ásia, no século XV. Os sacerdotes acreditavam que os fiéis retornavam à Terra na forma de gatos. Há várias descrições da chegada dos primeiros exemplares da raça à Europa.Uma delas foi quando uma gata grávida Sagrado da Birmânia, vinda num navio para a França, única sobrevivente de todos os gatos que embarcaram , veio por volta de 1920, e assim foram cruzados os gatos consanguineamente ou com outras raças para aprimorá-lo.A raça moderna foi fundada por "Wong Mau", um Sagrado da Birmânia - levado para os EUA em 1930 - que foi cruzado com um Siamês. É provável que tenha havido importações posteriores da Birmânia. Mas o fato é que em 1936 a raça já se tornara suficientemente pura para ser reconhecida nos EUA.Na França, a raça foi oficialmente reconhecida em 1952. Os selecionadores franceses incluíram na descendência o sangue dos Siameses e dos Persas brancos, este último responsável pela pelagem macia e semilonga do Sagrado da Birmânia. A história da raça, que divergiu durante a última metade da década de 1940, produziu dois tipos distintos de Sagrado da Birmânia: o gato inglês tem um porte mais oriental, e o americano é mais robusto.Aparência geral: são gatos de pêlo longo, exibindo patas sempre brancas (as "luvas"), saudáveis, musculosos, com movimentação equilibrada. A pelagem não forma nós, nem cachos (com exceção da região do abdômen). As fêmeas (peso ideal a partir de 3 kg chegando a 5kg, sem aparentar ser gordo) são bem menores do que os machos (que podem chegar a 8kg, sem aparentar ser gordo). A cauda é portada ereta.Comportamento e caráter: Não são agressivos, adoram a companhia de seres humanos e acostumam-se rapidamente com os hábitos de toda a família e também se adaptam facilmente a outros animais; são animais bastante tranqüilos e dóceis.Adaptam-se facilmente em ambientes fechados, ideais para apartamentos.Cabeça: Forte, de tamanho médio e formato arredondado; vista de perfil, mais longa que larga. As mandíbulas fortes, o queixo, bem desenvolvido e as bochechas, salientes.Nariz: alongado, com as narinas apontando para baixo; pode apresentar pigmentação rosada.O nariz romano é o ideal, sem stop, ou pouco marcado.Orelhas: o comprimento é aproximadamente igual à largura na inserção. As pontas são redondas. lnseridas moderadamente afastadas e bem providas de tufos de pêlos.Olhos: arredondados, levemente amendoados, grandes, sempre azuis (de preferência bem escuros, o mais intenso possível), independentemente da cor da pelagem. Inseridos relativamente distantes.*É também aceito a coloração azul tendendo ao lilás, que é raríssima.Pescoço: de comprimento médio, bem musculoso.Corpo: Com ossatura forte, retangular.Cauda: de comprimento médio, em proporção com o corpo, formam uma plumaTamanho: De médio a grande.Pelagem: de comprimento médio para longo, textura sedosa. O colar é desejável, especialmente nos machos. Menos espessa do que a dos persas, não forma nós e, por isso, dispensa as escovações muito freqüentes. Ao ser tocada com os olhos fechados deve dar a sensação de seda pura.Faltas: Pontos brancos nas pontas escuras, manchas escuras no abdômen e ventre, luvas altas demais.Cores: Atualmente temos 40 cores em suas demais variações.As mais comuns são: O Seal (cor inicial do Sagrado), o Blue, O Chocolate e o Lilac.Há alguns anos tivemos a maior polêmica para a aceitação do gene Lynx e Red, que não são originais da raça, ou seja, foram necessários cruzamentos com outras raças para trazer esse gene ao Sagrado.Além das cores básicas, as temos no Tortie (uma cor básica mesclada com o creme), o Lynx (em listras) e o Torbie (Tortie Tabby).Cuidados Gerais: Escovações semanais, para evitar a formação de bolas de pelo (podem ser usadas também pastas que servem para este fim);Banhos quinzenais ou mensais se fazem necessários;Em geral é um gato forte, mas como todos os gatos de raça, deve tomar todas as doses das vacinas e reforçar todo ano.Alimentação: Recomendamos o uso de Ração seca, de alta qualidade.Peculiaridades:Os Sagrados da Birmânia, por serem gatos "ColorPoint", assim como os siameses, nascem brancos, e apenas em algumas semanas podemos começar a ver a cor do gato, dependendo da marcação...Por isso, os clubes recomendam que o gato tenha entre 1 e ½ e 3 para efetuar o registro, mas mesmo assim a cor continua a escurecer até uns 2 anos de idade.